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Four-dimensional space (4D) is the mathematical extension of the concept of three-dimensional space (3D). Three-dimensional space is the simplest possible abstraction of the observation that one needs only three numbers, called dimensions , to describe the sizes or locations of objects in the everyday world.
Hermann Minkowski (1864–1909) found that the theory of special relativity could be best understood as a four-dimensional space, since known as the Minkowski spacetime.. In physics, Minkowski space (or Minkowski spacetime) (/ m ɪ ŋ ˈ k ɔː f s k i,-ˈ k ɒ f-/ [1]) is the main mathematical description of spacetime in the absence of gravitation.
1951, A. C. Hurley, Finite rotation groups and crystal classes in four dimensions, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, vol. 47, issue 04, p. 650 [1] 1962 A. L. MacKay Bravais Lattices in Four-dimensional Space [2] 1964 Patrick du Val, Homographies, quaternions and rotations, quaternion-based 4D point groups
In mathematics, the group of rotations about a fixed point in four-dimensional Euclidean space is denoted SO(4). The name comes from the fact that it is the special orthogonal group of order 4. In this article rotation means rotational displacement .
Four-dimensional space, the concept of a fourth spatial dimension; Spacetime, the unification of time and space as a four-dimensional continuum; Minkowski space, the mathematical setting for special relativity
The -sphere, often simply called a sphere, is the boundary of a -ball in three-dimensional space. The 3-sphere is the boundary of a -ball in four-dimensional space. The -sphere is the boundary of an -ball.
4D or 4-D primarily refers to: 4-dimensional spacetime: three-dimensional space of length, width, and height, plus time; Four-dimensional space; It may also refer to:
A two-dimensional Euclidean space is a two-dimensional space on the plane. The inside of a cube, a cylinder or a sphere is three-dimensional (3D) because three coordinates are needed to locate a point within these spaces. In classical mechanics, space and time are different categories and refer to absolute space and time.