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A model of communication is a simplified presentation that aims to give a basic explanation of the process by highlighting its most fundamental characteristics and components. [16] [8] [17] For example, James Watson and Anne Hill see Lasswell's model as a mere questioning device and not as a full model of communication. [10]
The SMCR model is usually described as a linear transmission model of communication. [4] [17] Its main focus is to identify the basic parts of communication and to show how their characteristics shape the communicative process. In this regard, Berlo understands his model as "a model of the ingredients of communication". [24]
Berlo's model is a linear transmission model of communication. It was published by David Berlo in 1960 and was influenced by earlier models, such as the Shannon–Weaver model and Schramm's model. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] [ 145 ] It is usually referred to as the Source-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model because of its four main components (source ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 7 December 2024. Transmission of information For other uses, see Communication (disambiguation). "Communicate" redirects here. For other uses, see Communicate (disambiguation). There are many forms of communication, including human linguistic communication using sounds, sign language, and writing as well ...
Schramm's model of communication was published by Wilbur Schramm in 1954. It is one of the earliest interaction models of communication. [1] [2] [3] It was conceived as a response to and an improvement over earlier attempts in the form of linear transmission models, like the Shannon–Weaver model and Lasswell's model.
But their model is intended as a general model that can be applied to any form of communication. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] For a regular face-to-face conversation, the person talking is the source, the mouth is the transmitter, the air is the channel transmitting the sound waves, the listener is the destination, and the ear is the receiver.
In 1960, Berlo expanded the linear transmission model with the sender-message-channel-receiver (SMCR) model of communication. [4] [5] Later, Wilbur Schramm introduced a model that identified multiple variables in communication which includes the transmitter, encoding, media, decoding, and receiver. [6]
Shannon's article laid out the basic elements of communication: An information source that produces a message; A transmitter that operates on the message to create a signal which can be sent through a channel; A channel, which is the medium over which the signal, carrying the information that composes the message, is sent