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A promoter region is located before the -35 and -10 Consensus sequences. The closer the promoter region is to the consensus sequences the more often transcription of that gene will take place. There is not a set pattern for promoter regions as there are for consensus sequences.
Transcription factors bind to either enhancer or promoter regions of DNA adjacent to the genes that they regulate. Depending on the transcription factor, the transcription of the adjacent gene is either up- or down-regulated. Transcription factors use a variety of mechanisms for the regulation of gene expression. [16] These mechanisms include:
Promoter activity. Promoter activity is a term that encompasses several meanings around the process of gene expression from regulatory sequences — promoters [2] and enhancers. [3] Gene expression has been commonly characterized as a measure of how much, how fast, when and where this process happens. [4] Promoters and enhancers are required ...
Gene structure is the organisation of specialised sequence elements within a gene. Genes contain most of the information necessary for living cells to survive and reproduce. [1][2] In most organisms, genes are made of DNA, where the particular DNA sequence determines the function of the gene. A gene is transcribed (copied) from DNA into RNA ...
transcriptional regulation – controlling the rate of gene transcription for example by helping or hindering RNA polymerase binding to DNA. transcription – the process of making RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase. transcription factor – a substance, such as a protein, that contributes to the cause of a specific biochemical reaction ...
The initiation of gene transcription in eukaryotes occurs in specific steps. [1] First, an RNA polymerase along with general transcription factors binds to the promoter region of the gene to form a closed complex called the preinitiation complex. The subsequent transition of the complex from the closed state to the open state results in the ...
An enhancer localized in a DNA region distant from the promoter of a gene can have a very large effect on gene expression, with some genes undergoing up to 100-fold increased expression due to an activated enhancer. [31] Enhancers are regions of the genome that are major gene-regulatory elements.
Sigma factor. A sigma factor (σ factor or specificity factor) is a protein needed for initiation of transcription in bacteria. [1][2] It is a bacterial transcription initiation factor that enables specific binding of RNA polymerase (RNAP) to gene promoters. It is homologous to archaeal transcription factor B and to eukaryotic factor TFIIB. [3]