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Pap test. The Papanicolaou test (abbreviated as Pap test, also known as Pap smear (AE), [1] cervical smear (BE), cervical screening (BE), [2] or smear test (BE)) is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially precancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix (opening of the uterus or womb) or, more rarely, anus (in both men and ...
604,127 new cases (2020) [11] Deaths. 341,831 (2020) [11] Cervical cancer is a cancer arising from the cervix or in the any layer of the wall of the cervix. [2] It is due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. [12] Early on, typically no symptoms are seen. [2]
The Bethesda system (TBS), officially called The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology, is a system for reporting cervical or vaginal cytologic diagnoses, [1] used for reporting Pap smear results. It was introduced in 1988 [2] and revised in 1991, [3] 2001, [1][4][5] and 2014. [6] The name comes from the location (Bethesda, Maryland ...
Staging is the process of determining the type of cervical cancer and the extent the cancer has spread beyond the cervix to local or distant parts of the body. [12] To determine the stage of the cancer, various modalities may be used including physical examination, biopsies, pathological examinations, and imaging, including MRI, ultrasound, CT ...
The cervix will then be cleansed with an antiseptic solution. A tenaculum, a type of forceps, will hold the cervix steady for the biopsy. The biopsy curette will be inserted into the uterine fundus and with a scraping and rotating motion some tissue will be removed. The removed tissue will be placed in formalin or equivalent for preservation.
Loop electrical excision procedure. The loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) is one of the most commonly used approaches to treat high grade cervical dysplasia (CIN II/III, HGSIL) and early stage cervical cancer discovered on colposcopic examination. In the UK, it is known as large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ).
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), also known as cervical dysplasia, is the abnormal growth of cells on the surface of the cervix that could potentially lead to cervical cancer. [1] More specifically, CIN refers to the potentially precancerous transformation of cells of the cervix.
Although most notable for its use in the detection of cervical cancer in the Pap test or Pap smear, it is also used to stain non-gynecological specimen preparations from a variety of bodily secretions and from small needle biopsies of organs and tissues. [4] [5] Papanicolaou published three formulations of this stain in 1942, 1954, and 1960. [2]