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Checkpoint inhibitor therapy is a form of cancer immunotherapy. The therapy targets immune checkpoints , key regulators of the immune system that when stimulated can dampen the immune response to an immunologic stimulus.
This checkpoint is the target of Merck & Co.'s melanoma drug Keytruda, which gained FDA approval in September 2014. The checkpoint is also the target of EMD Serono (Merck KGaA)'s drug Bavencio, which gained FDA approval in 2017. An advantage of targeting PD-1 is that it can restore immune function in the tumor microenvironment.
The prevalence of checkpoint inhibitor induced colitis varies depending on the regimen of immunotherapy. The incidence is 0.7 – 1.6% for anti- programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) agents, 5.7 – 9.1% for anti- cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and about 13.6% for combination therapy. [ 2 ]
Micrograph showing a PD-L1 positive lung adenocarcinoma.Positive immunostaining can predict response to the treatment.. PD-1 inhibitors and PD-L1 inhibitors are a group of checkpoint inhibitor anticancer drugs that block the activity of PD-1 and PDL1 immune checkpoint proteins present on the surface of cells.
An immune checkpoint regulator is a modulator of the immune system, that allows initiation of a productive immune response and prevents the onset of autoimmunity. Examples of such a molecule are cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4 or CD152), which is an inhibitory receptor found on immune cells and programmed cell death 1 (CD279), which has an important role in down-regulating the immune ...
CHEK2 (Checkpoint kinase 2) is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes the protein CHK2, a serine-threonine kinase. CHK2 is involved in DNA repair, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Mutations to the CHEK2 gene have been linked to a wide range of cancers. [5]
Eftilagimod alpha (INN; [1] development code IMP321 or efti) is a large-molecule cancer drug being developed by the clinical-stage biotechnology company Immutep.Efti is a soluble version of the immune checkpoint molecule LAG-3.
The spindle checkpoint system is a regulatory system that restrains progression through the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. The Mad2 gene was first identified in the yeast S. cerevisiae in a screen for genes which when mutated would confer sensitivity to microtubule poisons. [ 1 ]