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Male breasts are sometimes referred to in the singular to mean the collective upper chest area, [a] whereas female breasts are referred to in the plural unless speaking of a specific left or right breast. A large number of colloquial terms for female breasts are used in English, ranging from fairly polite terms to vulgar or slang.
Axillary dissection is a surgical procedure that incises the axilla, usually in order to identify, examine, or take out lymph nodes. [1] The term "axilla" refers to the armpit or underarm section of the body. [2] The axillary dissection procedure is commonly used in treating the underarm portion of women who are dealing with breast cancer. [3]
The first such trial, led by Umberto Veronesi at the European Institute of Oncology, showed that women with breast tumours of 2 cm or less could safely forgo axillary dissection if their sentinel lymph nodes were found to be cancer-free on biopsy. [26] The benefits included less pain, greater arm mobility and less swelling in the arm. [27]
The cultural tendency to hide the female nipple under clothing has existed in Western culture since the 1800s. [4] [5] [42] As female nipples are often perceived an intimate part, covering them might have originated under Victorian morality as with riding side saddle. Exposing the entire breast and nipple is a form of protest for some and a ...
A male breast. The human areola (areola mammae, / ə ˈ r iː ə l ə / [1] [2] or / ˌ ær i ˈ oʊ l ə / [2] [3]) is the pigmented area on the breast around the nipple.More generally, an areola is a small circular area on the body with a different histology from the surrounding tissue, or other small circular areas such as an inflamed region of skin.
The majority of breast diseases either originate from lactiferous ducts or are closely related. The high susceptibility to benign and malignant diseases is in part a consequence of the cycling hormonal growth stimulation resulting in a high cell turnover and accumulation of defects and complicated hormonal equilibrium which is highly sensitive ...
Many women believe that sagging (ptosis) is caused by the failure of the Cooper's ligaments to support the breast tissue. In fact, ptosis is partly determined by genetic factors, but a review found that the biggest factors are higher body mass index, larger breast size, significant weight loss, smoking, her number of pregnancies, and her age. [6]
Within the areola, gross anatomy includes the lactiferous ducts that drain the 15-20 mammary gland lobes extending into the depths of the breast. [10] The areolas cellular composition includes an assortment of cells and specific tissues that support the primary function of the mammary glands, secretion and drainage of breast milk during ...