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  2. Mathieu function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_function

    Mathieu function. In mathematics, Mathieu functions, sometimes called angular Mathieu functions, are solutions of Mathieu's differential equation. where a, q are real -valued parameters. Since we may add π/2 to x to change the sign of q, it is a usual convention to set q ≥ 0.

  3. Inverted pendulum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_pendulum

    Inverted pendulum. Balancing cart, a simple robotics system circa 1976. The cart contains a servo system that monitors the angle of the rod and moves the cart back and forth to keep it upright. An inverted pendulum is a pendulum that has its center of mass above its pivot point. It is unstable and falls over without additional help.

  4. Poincaré–Lindstedt method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincaré–Lindstedt_method

    Poincaré–Lindstedt method. In perturbation theory, the Poincaré–Lindstedt method or Lindstedt–Poincaré method is a technique for uniformly approximating periodic solutions to ordinary differential equations, when regular perturbation approaches fail. The method removes secular terms —terms growing without bound—arising in the ...

  5. Duffing equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffing_equation

    β = 0 , {\displaystyle \beta =0,} the Duffing equation describes a damped and driven simple harmonic oscillator, γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is the amplitude of the periodic driving force; if. γ = 0 {\displaystyle \gamma =0} the system is without a driving force, and. ω {\displaystyle \omega } is the angular frequency of the periodic driving ...

  6. Active learning (machine learning) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_learning_(machine...

    e. Active learning is a special case of machine learning in which a learning algorithm can interactively query a human user (or some other information source), to label new data points with the desired outputs. The human user must possess knowledge/expertise in the problem domain, including the ability to consult/research authoritative sources ...

  7. Limited-memory BFGS - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited-memory_BFGS

    Limited-memory BFGS (L-BFGS or LM-BFGS) is an optimization algorithm in the family of quasi-Newton methods that approximates the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno algorithm (BFGS) using a limited amount of computer memory. [1] It is a popular algorithm for parameter estimation in machine learning. [2][3] The algorithm's target problem is ...

  8. Dual-coding theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-coding_theory

    Dual-coding theory is a theory of cognition that suggests that the mind processes information along two different channels; verbal and nonverbal. It was hypothesized by Allan Paivio of the University of Western Ontario in 1971. In developing this theory, Paivio used the idea that the formation of mental imagery aids learning through the picture ...

  9. Van der Pol oscillator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Pol_oscillator

    Van der Pol oscillator. In the study of dynamical systems, the van der Pol oscillator (named for Dutch physicist Balthasar van der Pol) is a non- conservative, oscillating system with non-linear damping. It evolves in time according to the second-order differential equation where x is the position coordinate —which is a function of the time t ...