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2. Topsoil - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsoil

   Topsoil is composed of mineral particles and organic matter and usually extends to a depth of 5-10 inches (13–25 cm). Together these make a substrate capable of holding water and air which encourages biological activity. There are generally a high concentration of roots in topsoil since this is where plants obtain most of their vital nutrients.

3. Fill dirt - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fill_dirt

   Fill dirt is usually subsoil (soil from beneath topsoil) and underlying soil parent material which has little soil organic matter or biological activity. Fill dirt is taken from a location where soil is being removed as a part of leveling an area for construction; it may also contain sand, rocks, and stones, as well as earth.

4. Irrigation in viticulture - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation_in_viticulture

   A vineyard with a drip irrigation system running along the bottom of the vines. Irrigation in viticulture is the process of applying extra water in the cultivation of grapevines. It is considered both controversial and essential to wine production. In the physiology of the grapevine, the amount of available water affects photosynthesis and ...

5. Irrigation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation

   Irrigation canal on the left. Irrigation (also referred to as watering of plants) is the practice of applying controlled amounts of water to land to help grow crops, landscape plants, and lawns. Irrigation has been a key aspect of agriculture for over 5,000 years and has been developed by many cultures around the world.

6. Hardpan - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardpan

   Hardpan. In soil science, agriculture and gardening, hardpan or soil pan is a dense layer of soil, usually found below the uppermost topsoil layer. [1] There are different types of hardpan, all sharing the general characteristic of being a distinct soil layer that is largely impervious to water. Some hardpans are formed by deposits in the soil ...

7. Soil in the United States - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_in_the_United_States

   In much of the northern US, soil formation commenced either shortly after glacial retreat at the end of the last Ice Age or even more recently. Elsewhere in the US, one may find some older land surfaces where soil formation has occurred over a much longer period, in addition to some young soils. [2] [3] There are 12 soils in the U.S.