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  2. Rijndael S-box - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijndael_S-box

    The Rijndael S-box was specifically designed to be resistant to linear and differential cryptanalysis. This was done by minimizing the correlation between linear transformations of input/output bits, and at the same time minimizing the difference propagation probability. The Rijndael S-box can be replaced in the Rijndael cipher, [1] which ...

  3. Substitution–permutation network - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution–permutation...

    Substitution–permutation network. A sketch of a substitution–permutation network with 3 rounds, encrypting a plaintext block of 16 bits into a ciphertext block of 16 bits. The S-boxes are the Si, the P-boxes are the same P, and the round keys are the Ki. In cryptography, an SP-network, or substitution–permutation network (SPN), is a ...

  4. Substitution cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_cipher

    t. e. In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encrypting in which units of plaintext are replaced with the ciphertext, in a defined manner, with the help of a key; the "units" may be single letters (the most common), pairs of letters, triplets of letters, mixtures of the above, and so forth. The receiver deciphers the text by ...

  5. S-box - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-box

    In cryptography, an S-box (substitution-box) is a basic component of symmetric key algorithms which performs substitution. In block ciphers, they are typically used to obscure the relationship between the key and the ciphertext, thus ensuring Shannon's property of confusion. Mathematically, an S-box is a nonlinear [1] vectorial Boolean function.

  6. Vigenère cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigenère_cipher

    The Vigenère square or Vigenère table, also known as the tabula recta, can be used for encryption and decryption. In a Caesar cipher, each letter of the alphabet is shifted along some number of places. For example, in a Caesar cipher of shift 3, a would become D, b would become E, y would become B and so on.

  7. Equivalence relation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_relation

    In mathematics, an equivalence relation is a binary relation that is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. The equipollence relation between line segments in geometry is a common example of an equivalence relation. A simpler example is equality. Any number is equal to itself (reflexive). If , then (symmetric).

  8. Equality (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_(mathematics)

    Equality (mathematics) In mathematics, equality is a relationship between two quantities or, more generally, two mathematical expressions, asserting that the quantities have the same value, or that the expressions represent the same mathematical object. [ 1 ] Equality between A and B is written A=B, and pronounced " A equals B ".

  9. Quadratic formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_formula

    Quadratic formula. The roots of the quadratic function y = ⁠ 1 2 ⁠x2 − 3x + ⁠ 5 2 ⁠ are the places where the graph intersects the x -axis, the values x = 1 and x = 5. They can be found via the quadratic formula. In elementary algebra, the quadratic formula is a closed-form expression describing the solutions of a quadratic equation.

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