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New data types defined: DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, INTERVAL, BIT string, VARCHAR strings, and NATIONAL CHARACTER strings. Support for additional character sets beyond the base requirement for representing SQL statements. New scalar operations such as string concatenation and substring extraction, date and time mathematics, and conditional statements.
String functions common to many languages are listed below, including the different names used. The below list of common functions aims to help programmers find the equivalent function in a language. Note, string concatenation and regular expressions are handled in separate pages.
This list includes SQL reserved words – aka SQL reserved keywords, [1] [2] as the SQL:2023 specifies and some RDBMSs have added. Reserved words in SQL and related products In SQL:2023 [ 3 ]
There is no DATETIME type. And there is a TIME type. But there is no TIMESTAMP type that can contain fine-grained timestamp up to millisecond or nanosecond. The TO_DATE function can be used to convert strings to date values. The function converts the first quoted string into a date, using as a definition the second quoted string, for example:
The standard query operator API also specifies certain operators that convert a collection into another type: [3] AsEnumerable: Statically types the collection as an IEnumerable<T>. [4] AsQueryable: Statically types the collection as an IQueryable<T>. ToArray: Creates an array T[] from the collection. ToList: Creates a List<T> from the collection.
Title Authors ----- ----- SQL Examples and Guide 4 The Joy of SQL 1 An Introduction to SQL 2 Pitfalls of SQL 1 Under the precondition that isbn is the only common column name of the two tables and that a column named title only exists in the Book table, one could re-write the query above in the following form:
Major DBMSs, including SQLite, [5] MySQL, [6] Oracle, [7] IBM Db2, [8] Microsoft SQL Server [9] and PostgreSQL [10] support prepared statements. Prepared statements are normally executed through a non-SQL binary protocol for efficiency and protection from SQL injection, but with some DBMSs such as MySQL prepared statements are also available using a SQL syntax for debugging purposes.
Popular implementations of SQL commonly omit support for basic features of Standard SQL, such as the DATE or TIME data types. The most obvious such examples, and incidentally the most popular commercial and proprietary SQL DBMSs, are Oracle (whose DATE behaves as DATETIME , [ 24 ] [ 25 ] and lacks a TIME type) [ 26 ] and MS SQL Server (before ...