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Bandwagon effect, the tendency to do (or believe) things because many other people do (or believe) the same. Related to groupthink and herd behavior. [135] Courtesy bias, the tendency to give an opinion that is more socially correct than one's true opinion, so as to avoid offending anyone. [136]
Akrasia (/ ə ˈ k r eɪ z i ə /; Greek ἀκρασία, "lacking command" or "weakness", occasionally transliterated as acrasia or Anglicised as acrasy or acracy) is a lack of mental strength or willpower, or the tendency to act against one's better judgment. [1]
Biases, such as illusory correlation, that affect judgment of how likely something is or whether one thing is the cause of another. Biases that affect memory , [ 18 ] such as consistency bias (remembering one's past attitudes and behavior as more similar to one's present attitudes).
One simplifying strategy people may rely on is the tendency to make a judgment about the frequency of an event based on how many similar instances are brought to mind. In 1973, Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman first studied this phenomenon and labeled it the "availability heuristic".
A condition X is necessary for Y if X is required for even the possibility of Y. X does not bring about Y by itself, but if there is no X, there will be no Y. For example, oxygen is necessary for fire. But one cannot assume that everywhere there is oxygen, there is fire. A condition X is sufficient for Y if X, by itself, is enough to bring about Y.
This allows people to plan for the future and engage in effective, goal-driven behavior. Lerner summarized his findings and his theoretical work in his 1980 monograph The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion. [7] Lerner hypothesized that the belief in a just world is crucially important for people to maintain for their own well-being.
Edward Thorndike was the first to say the halo effect is a specific cognitive bias in which one aspect of the person, brand, product, or institution affects one's thoughts or judgment of the entity's other aspects or dimensions. [36] Thorndike, an early behaviorist, was an important contributor to the study of the psychology of learning.
Some researchers include a metacognitive component in their definition. In this view, the Dunning–Kruger effect is the thesis that those who are incompetent in a given area tend to be ignorant of their incompetence, i.e., they lack the metacognitive ability to become aware of their incompetence.