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Physiological needs include: Air, Water, Food, Heat, Clothes, Reproduction, Shelter [22] and Sleep. Many of these physiological needs must be met for the human body to remain in homeostasis. Air, for example, is a physiological need; a human being requires air more urgently than higher-level needs, such as a sense of social belonging.
Sex is on the first level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It is a necessary physiological need like air, warmth, or sleep, and if the body lacks it will not function optimally. Without the orgasm that comes with sex, a person will experience "pain," and as hedonism would predict, a person will minimize this pain by pursuing sex.
In 1938, the American psychologist Henry Murray developed a system of needs as part of his theory of personality, which he named personology.Murray argued that everyone had a set of universal basic needs, with individual differences among these needs leading to the uniqueness of personality through varying dispositional tendencies for each need; in other words, a specific need is more ...
In his later work, Maslow suggested that there are two additional phases an individual must progress through before achieving self-actualization. These are "the cognitive needs," where a person will desire knowledge and an understanding of the world around them, and "the aesthetic needs," which include a need for "symmetry, order, and beauty." [4]
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 7 January 2025. American psychologist (1908–1970) Abraham Maslow Born April 1, 1908 (1908-04) Brooklyn, New York City, U.S. Died June 8, 1970 (1970-06-08) (aged 62) Menlo Park, California, U.S. Education City College of New York Cornell University University of Wisconsin Known for Maslow's hierarchy of ...
Family relationships tend to be some of the most enduring bonds created within one's lifetime. As adults age, their children often feel a sense of filial obligation, in which they feel obligated to care for their parents. Adult children can often be informal caregivers to their parents as they help them with personal needs, chores, and finances ...
A second view of need is presented in the work of political economy professor Ian Gough, who has published on the subject of human needs in the context of social assistance provided by the welfare state. [3] Together with medical ethics professor Len Doyal, [4] he published A Theory of Human Need in 1991. [5]
Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy are the adaptations that take place during pregnancy that enable the accommodation of the developing embryo and fetus. These are normal physiological adaptations that cause changes in behavior , the functioning of the heart , blood vessels , and blood , metabolism including increases in blood sugar ...