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The rubble trench foundation, an ancient construction approach popularized by architect Frank Lloyd Wright, is a type of foundation that uses loose stone or rubble to minimize the use of concrete and improve drainage. [ 1 ] It is considered more environmentally friendly than other types of foundation because cement manufacturing requires the ...
Masonry is the craft of building a structure with brick, stone, or similar material, including mortar plastering which are often laid in, bound, and pasted together by mortar. The term masonry can also refer to the building units (stone, brick, etc.) themselves. The common materials of masonry construction are bricks and building stone, rocks ...
Arch masonry. Also called "arcuated systems" in contrast with trabeated systems, which are two ancient methods for creating a void below a stone span (either a lintel or an arch). Note that the Wikipedia page on stone arches is about stone-arch bridges exclusively, and the arch page is about all arches, including non-stone. [4] Rubble masonry ...
Mortar is a workable paste which hardens to bind building blocks such as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry units, to fill and seal the irregular gaps between them, spread the weight of them evenly, and sometimes to add decorative colours or patterns to masonry walls. In its broadest sense, mortar includes pitch, asphalt, and soft mud or clay ...
Course (architecture) A course is a layer of the same unit running horizontally in a wall. It can also be defined as a continuous row of any masonry unit such as bricks, concrete masonry units (CMU), stone, shingles, tiles, etc. [1] Coursed masonry construction arranges units in regular courses. Oppositely, coursed rubble masonry construction ...
The largest masonry bridge in the United States is the James J. Hill Bridge over the Mississippi River, built in 1883 by railroad magnate James J. Hill, who wanted to impress his fellow citizens by building a structure that would honor him. It is 752.5 meters long and has 23 limestone arches with a full arch span of 23.49 meters.
Ashlar (/ ˈæʃlər /) is a cut and dressed stone, worked using a chisel to achieve a specific form, typically rectangular in shape. The term can also refer to a structure built from such stones. [1] Ashlar is the finest stone masonry unit, and is generally rectangular (cuboid). It was described by Vitruvius as opus isodomum or trapezoidal.
Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time. Concrete is the second-most-used substance in the world after water, [ 1 ] and is the most widely used building material. [ 2 ] Its usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminium combined.