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Cotinine has an in vivo half-life of approximately 20 hours, and is typically detectable for several days (up to one week) after the use of tobacco. The level of cotinine in the blood, saliva, and urine is proportionate to the amount of exposure to tobacco smoke, so it is a valuable indicator of tobacco smoke exposure, including secondary (passive) smoke. [14]
Hair test: Hair tests are reliable for long-term detection, showing nicotine use for one to three months. In some cases, nicotine can be detected for up to 12 months. In some cases, nicotine can ...
The Fagerström Test for Nicotine dependence is a standard instrument for assessing the intensity of addiction to nicotine. It evaluates the quantity of cigarette consumption, the compulsion to use, and dependence. In addition to this, the DSM-5 for tobacco use disorder can be used by physicians and nurse practitioners to make a diagnosis.
The CRAFFT 2.1+N expands upon the content from the CRAFFT 2.1 with the inclusion of the Hooked On Nicotine Checklist (HONC), which is a 10-item questionnaire that screens for dependence on tobacco and nicotine. [10] If a teen indicates use of a vaping device containing nicotine and/or flavors or any tobacco products within the frequency ...
Tobacco harm reduction (THR) is a public health strategy to lower the health risks to individuals and wider society associated with using tobacco products. It is an example of the concept of harm reduction, a strategy for dealing with the use of drugs. Tobacco smoking is widely acknowledged as a leading cause of illness and death, [1] and ...
hide. The health effects of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) include a range of potential risks such as exposure to toxic chemicals, the possibility of increased likelihood of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and concerns about their possible role in cancer development. Upon their introduction, there were marketing claims that they ...
Hyperhomocysteinemia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high level of total homocysteine (that is, including homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine disulfide) in the blood, conventionally described as above 15 μmol/L. [ 1 ] As a consequence of the biochemical reactions in which homocysteine is involved, deficiencies of ...
Saliva testing. Appearance. Saliva nitric test strip (Berkeley Test) showing colored scale of nitric oxide status – See article and jump to Cardiovascular Disease, Nitric Oxide: a salivary biomarker for cardio-protection. Saliva testing or Salivaomics is a diagnostic technique that involves laboratory analysis of saliva to identify markers of ...