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Lymphatic filariasis is a human disease caused by parasitic worms known as filarial worms. [2] [3] Usually acquired in childhood, it is a leading cause of permanent disability worldwide, impacting over a hundred million people and manifesting itself in a variety of severe clinical pathologies [6] [7] While most cases have no symptoms, some people develop a syndrome called elephantiasis, which ...
Brugia malayi is a filarial (arthropod-borne) nematode (roundworm), one of the three causative agents of lymphatic filariasis in humans. Lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis, is a condition characterized by swelling of the lower limbs.
Elephantiasis, often incorrectly called elephantitis, is the enlargement and hardening of limbs or body parts due to tissue swelling . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is characterised by edema, hypertrophy , and fibrosis of skin and subcutaneous tissues, due to obstruction of lymphatic vessels ( lymphedema ). [ 2 ]
Patrick Manson discovered the life cycle of elephantiasis, caused by nematode worms transmitted by mosquitoes, in 1877. Manson further predicted that the malaria parasite, Plasmodium, had a mosquito vector, and persuaded Ronald Ross to investigate. Ross confirmed that the prediction was correct in 1897–1898.
Archaeological evidence for elephantiasis for example extends back some 3000 years, by which time apparently it already was no novelty. [6] Currently perhaps some hundreds of millions of people worldwide, mainly in tropical regions, are infected with pathogenic species of filariae.
The microfilaria (plural microfilariae, sometimes abbreviated mf) is an early stage in the life cycle of certain parasitic nematodes in the family Onchocercidae. [1] In these species, the adults live in a tissue or the circulatory system of vertebrates (the "definitive hosts"). They release microfilariae into the bloodstream of the vertebrate host.
Because SparkNotes provides study guides for literature that include chapter summaries, many teachers see the website as a cheating tool. [7] These teachers argue that students can use SparkNotes as a replacement for actually completing reading assignments with the original material, [8] [9] [10] or to cheat during tests using cell phones with Internet access.
Podoconiosis, also known as nonfilarial elephantiasis, [1] is a disease of the lymphatic vessels of the lower extremities that is caused by chronic exposure to irritant soils. It is the second most common cause of tropical lymphedema after lymphatic filariasis , [ 2 ] and it is characterized by prominent swelling of the lower extremities, which ...