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The Jackson cross cylinder (JCC) is an instrument used by ophthalmologists, orthoptists and optometrists in their routine eye examination, particularly in determination of corrective lens power in patients with astigmatism. It is also used for testing near point of the eye.
Mild astigmatism has a higher prevalence than moderate and significant astigmatisms and increased until the age of 70, while moderate and significant astigmatisms showed an increase in prevalence after the age of 70. [33] Of the levels of astigmatism, mild astigmatism is most prevalent, making up about 82% of the total reported astigmatisms. [33]
OU is an abbreviation for oculi uterque, Latin for both eyes. N.B.: In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, RE (right eye), LE (left eye), and BE (both eyes) are used. Sometimes, just right and left are used. SPH, CYL, and AXIS are values for describing the power of the lens using plus cylinder or minus cylinder notation.
An occluder is placed over the eye that is not being tested (e.g.: over the left eye, to test the right eye's vision). A pinhole occluder is then placed before the patient's eye, and their vision is then tested again (each eye separately) to determine if the patient's poor visual acuity is a result of optical irregularities, or pathological issues.
The phoropter measurement is made at a common vertex distance of 12 mm from the eye. The equivalent prescription at the patient's cornea (say, for a contact lens) can be calculated as follows (this example assumes a negative cylinder sign convention): Power 1 is the spherical value, and power 2 is the steeper power of the astigmatic axis:
Javal's rule is a mathematical formula used to estimate astigmatism based on keratometry readings. [1] The estimate is useful for high cylinder measures, generally over -2.00 diopters. The estimate is found by multiplying the difference in power between the two meridians by 1.25 and factoring in the average lenticular astigmatism, which is -0. ...
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The advent of excimer laser technology (e.g., laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis, or LASIK) also introduced a conundrum between incisional and ablation techniques; specifically, should treatment be planned according to refractive cylinder values as introduced with laser refractive surgery, or corneal astigmatism parameters as had been ...
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