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The cause of presbycusis is a combination of genetics, cumulative environmental exposures and pathophysiological changes related to aging. [2] At present there are no preventive measures known; treatment is by hearing aid or surgical implant.
Several varieties of herpes viruses that cause other diseases can also infect the ear, and can result in hearing loss: congenital infection with cytomegalovirus is responsible for deafness in newborn children and also progressive sensorineural hearing loss in childhood; herpes simplex type 1, oral herpes associated with cold sores; Epstein Barr ...
The tongue is the primary propulsive agent for pumping food through the mouth, into the pharynx while bypassing the airway and through to the esophagus. Recent findings clearly reveal that an age-related change in lingual pressures is another contributing factor to presbyphagia.
Arylsulfatase B (N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase, chondroitinsulfatase, chondroitinase, acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase, N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate sulfohydrolase, EC 3.1.6.12) is an enzyme associated with mucopolysaccharidosis VI (Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome).
Otosclerosis can be caused by both genetic and environmental factors, such as a viral infection (like measles). [8] [9] [10] Ribonucleic acid of the measles virus has been found in stapes footplate in most patients with otosclerosis. [11] Populations that have been vaccinated against measles had a significant reduction in otosclerosis. [12]
Enzyme assays (testing a variety of cells or body fluids in culture for enzyme deficiency) are also used to provide definitive diagnosis of one of the mucopolysaccharidoses. Prenatal diagnosis using amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling can verify if a fetus either carries a copy of the defective gene or is affected with the disorder.
Peroxisomal disorders represent a class of medical conditions caused by defects in peroxisome functions. [1] This may be due to defects in single enzymes [2] important for peroxisome function or in peroxins, proteins encoded by PEX genes that are critical for normal peroxisome assembly and biogenesis.
The actions of some drugs as substrates or inhibitors of enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism are a common reason for hazardous drug interactions. These pathways are also important in environmental science , with the xenobiotic metabolism of microorganisms determining whether a pollutant will be broken down during bioremediation , or ...