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Phonological awareness is an individual's awareness of the phonological structure, or sound structure, of words. [1] [2] [3] Phonological awareness is an important and reliable predictor of later reading ability and has, therefore, been the focus of much research. [4] [5] [6]
Fluency is a speech language pathology term which means the smoothness or flow with which sounds, syllables, words and phrases are joined when speaking quickly. [2] The term fluency disorder has been used as a collective term for cluttering and stuttering. Both disorders have breaks in the fluidity of speech, and both have the fluency breakdown ...
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch. [1] [2] [3] [4]For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.
The Speaking Proficiency English Assessment Kit (SPEAK) is a test developed by the Educational Testing Service (ETS) to measure a non-native speaker's proficiency in spoken English. It is usually taken as a professional certification , especially by graduate teaching assistants and medical professionals in the American college and university ...
Sprechgesang is more closely aligned with the long-used musical techniques of recitative or parlando than is Sprechstimme.Where the term is employed in this way, it is usually in the context of the late Romantic German operas or "music dramas" that were composed by Richard Wagner and others in the 19th century.
Within the fields of linguistics, the current consensus is that speech is an innate human capability, and written language is a cultural invention. [4] However, some linguists, such as those of the Prague school , argue that written and spoken language possess distinct qualities which would argue against written language being dependent on ...
The Cambridge International Corpus (CIC) is a collection of over 2 billion words [1] of real spoken and written English. The texts are stored in a database that can be searched to see how English is used. The CIC also contains the Cambridge Learner Corpus, a unique collection of over 60,000 exam papers from Cambridge ESOL.
Pausing during speaking emphasises the information and this enables the audience to interpret the information correctly. Speaking at approximately 120-150 words per minute (wpm) is a moderate pace for an audience to comprehend information. [7] A varying speaking rate can engage the interest and attention of the audience.