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4-Fluoroephedrine, also known as 4-fluoro-β-hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine, is a substituted phenethylamine, amphetamine, and β-hydroxyamphetamine derivative. [6] [1] It is the 4-fluoro analogue of ephedrine. [6] [1] The synthesis of 4-fluoroephedrine has been described. [7] It can serve as a precursor in the synthesis of 4-fluoromethamphetamine ...
In 1997, the FDA proposed a regulation on ephedra (the herb from which ephedrine is obtained), which limited an ephedra dose to 8 mg (of active ephedrine) with no more than 24 mg per day. [78] This proposed rule was withdrawn, in part, in 2000 because of "concerns regarding the agency's basis for proposing a certain dietary ingredient level and ...
Additionally, Ephedrine acts as an anorectic, or appetite-suppressing drug. However, the anorectic effect becomes less pronounced over time, as the body becomes tolerant of ephedrine to some degree. An estimated 75% of the efficacy of the ECA stack can be attributed to decreased appetite, while the remaining 25% is due to the thermogenic ...
4-Fluoromethylphenidate was studied further along with other analogues of (±)-threo-methylphenidate (TMP) to assess their potential as anti-cocaine medications. 4F-MPH was reported as having an ED 50 mg/kg of 0.26 (0.18–0.36), regarding its efficacy as a substitute for cocaine, and a relative potency of 3.33 compared to methylphenidate for ...
A wide variety of alkaloid and non-alkaloid compounds have been identified in various species of Ephedra.Of the six ephedrine-type ingredients found in ephedra (at concentrations of 0.02-3.4%), the most common are ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, [13] which are the sources of its stimulant and thermogenic effects. [4]
Different ATS also have different toxic dose. Methamphetamine fatality from ATS have been reported after ingestion of a minimal dose of 1.3 mg/kg, while the estimated minimum lethal dose in a non-addicted adult is 200 mg. [14] [26] Generally, children are more likely to develop toxicity and have lower chances of developing tolerance. [14]
It is a combination drug containing three active ingredients - theophylline, ephedrine, phenobarbital. [2] This medication relaxes the smooth muscle of the airways, making breathing easier. [ 3 ] The common side effects of Tedral include gastrointestinal disturbances , dizziness , headache and lightheadedness .
4-Fluoroamphetamine is a releasing agent and reuptake inhibitor of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. [9] The respective EC 50 values are 2.0 x 10 −7 M, 7.3 x 10 −7 M, and 0.37 x 10 −7 M, while the IC 50 values are 7.7 x 10 −7 M, 68 x 10 −7 M, and 4.2 x 10 −7 M. [3]