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The word seneschal (/ ˈ s ɛ n ə ʃ əl /) can have several different meanings, all of which reflect certain types of supervising or administering in a historic context.Most commonly, a seneschal was a senior position filled by a court appointment within a royal, ducal, or noble household during the Middle Ages and early Modern period – historically a steward or majordomo of a medieval ...
One of the goals was to reduce government debt by selling state-owned real estate on the market. [2] Each year, the sales yielded between 200 ans 500 million EUR. [4] The larger part of the returns would be used as an economic incentive to economise on real estate holdings, by being partly returned to the ministries that previously occupied the ...
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Seneschals of the provinces of France (6 C) This page was last edited on 4 January 2025, at 14:21 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons ...
Unlike the First and Second Estates, the Third Estate were compelled to pay taxes. The bourgeoisie found ways to evade them and become exempt. The major burden of the French government fell upon the poorest in French society: the farmers, peasantry, and working poor. The Third Estate had considerable resentment toward the upper classes.
Agence des participations de l'État (French pronunciation: [aʒɑ̃s de paʁtisipasjɔ̃ də leta], APE, lit. ' State Participations Agency '), created in 2004 under the government of Jean-Pierre Raffarin, is the French agency responsible for managing the State's shareholdings in companies of strategic importance. [1]
The French Parliament (French: Parlement français, [paʁləmɑ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛ]) is the bicameral parliament of the French Fifth Republic, consisting of the upper house, the Senate (Sénat), and the lower house, the National Assembly (Assemblée nationale).
Counterfeiting of assignats was widespread, both in France and abroad. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Researchers have documented how French royalists worked with British authorities, including senior ministers and military commanders, to manufacture paper for counterfeit assignats at mills across England, after which the paper was distributed across ...