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California passed a law in 2021 that requires the state’s Air Resources Board to develop a strategy for the state’s cement industry to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2035 and ...
Due to California’s seismic activity, the state has some of the strictest building standards in the world, which makes it challenging for homeowners to get building plans approved.
Some jurisdictions including Vancouver, British Columbia have building standards that encourage lower-carbon concrete. California passed a law in 2021 that requires the state’s Air Resources Board to develop a strategy for the state’s cement industry to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2035 and achieve net zero by 2045.
One reason why the carbon emissions are so high is because cement has to be heated to very high temperatures in order for clinker to form. A major culprit of this is alite (Ca 3 SiO 5), a mineral in concrete that cures within hours of pouring and is therefore responsible for much of its initial strength. However, alite also has to be heated to ...
The Pantheon in Rome is an example of Roman concrete construction. Caesarea harbour: an example of underwater Roman concrete technology on a large scale. Roman concrete, also called opus caementicium, was used in construction in ancient Rome. Like its modern equivalent, Roman concrete was based on a hydraulic-setting cement added to an aggregate.
The cement plant at the quarry has been fueled by petroleum coke since 2007, the latter (along with the limestone itself) is a major source of mercury emissions. The cement plant was responsible for 29 percent of total Bay Area airborne mercury emissions and was shown to impact a rural site, Calero Reservoir, 20 miles (32 km) away. [86]
Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it matures concrete shrinks. All concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage and tension. Concrete which is subjected to long-duration forces is prone to creep. The density of concrete varies, but is around 2,400 kilograms per cubic metre (150 lb/cu ft). [1]
2)) present in the hardened cement paste to give gypsum: H 2 SO 4 + Ca(OH) 2 → CaSO 4 · 2H 2 O. When concrete is carbonated by atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2), or if limestone aggregates are used in concrete, H 2 SO 4 reacts with calcite (CaCO 3) and water to also form gypsum while releasing CO 2 back to the atmosphere: H 2 SO 4 + CaCO 3 ...