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The failure to halt terrestrial biodiversity loss between 2000 and 2010 was estimated to cost the global economy $500 billion. [55] Continued biodiversity loss and environmental degradation poses a long-term risk to society and the economy, such as by increasing the risk of pandemics, floods, and droughts. [65]
Biobased economy, bioeconomy or biotechonomy is an economic activity involving the use of biotechnology and biomass in the production of goods, services, or energy. The terms are widely used by regional development agencies, national and international organizations, and biotechnology companies.
Mainstream economics has attempted to become a value-free 'hard science', but ecological economists argue that value-free economics is generally not realistic. Ecological economics is more willing to entertain alternative conceptions of utility , efficiency , and cost-benefits such as positional analysis or multi-criteria analysis.
Environmental economics is a sub-field of economics concerned with environmental issues. [1] It has become a widely studied subject due to growing environmental concerns in the twenty-first century.
Biological economics is an interdisciplinary field in which the interaction of human biology and economics is studied. The journal Economics and Human Biology covers the field and has an impact factor of 2.722. [1]
Economics and Human Biology is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Elsevier. It was established in 2003 with J. Komlos as founding editor-in-chief . The journal covers research on biological economics — economics in the context of human biology and public or occupational health .
Evolutionary economics is a school of economic thought that is inspired by evolutionary biology.Although not defined by a strict set of principles and uniting various approaches, it treats economic development as a process rather than an equilibrium and emphasizes change (qualitative, organisational, and structural), innovation, complex interdependencies, self-evolving systems, and limited ...
Richard Dawkins outlines in The Selfish Gene (1976) [4] that humans are machines made of genes, and genes are the grounding for everything people do. The gene-centric view outlines that natural selection, evolution and all behaviour must be traced back to the survival of competing genes as an extension of Darwin's theory being the survival of competing individuals.