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All other gene segments between V and D segments are now deleted from the cell's genome. Primary transcript (unspliced RNA) is generated containing the VDJ region of the heavy chain and both the constant mu and delta chains (C μ and C δ). (i.e. the primary transcript contains the segments: V-D-J-C μ-C δ). The primary RNA is processed to add ...
Random rearrangements and recombinations of the gene segments at DNA level to form one kappa or lambda light chain occurs in an orderly fashion. As a result, "a functional variable region gene of a light chain contains two coding segments that are separated by a non-coding DNA sequence in unrearranged germ-line DNA" (Barbara et al., 2007).
[1] [4] The RAG1/RAG2 complex then introduces a nick at the 5' end of the RSS heptamers adjacent to the coding regions on both the D and J segments, permanently removing the loop of intervening DNA and creating a double-stranded break that is repaired by VDJ recombinase enzymes. [1] [4] This process is repeated for the joining of V to DJ. [1]
These ends form hairpin loops and must be joined together to form a single strand (summarised in diagram, right). This joining is a very inaccurate process that results in the variable addition or subtraction of nucleotides and, thus, generates junctional diversity. [1]
Current studies have indicated that RAG-1 and RAG-2 must work in a synergistic manner to activate VDJ recombination. RAG-1 was shown to inefficiently induce recombination activity of the VDJ genes when isolated and transfected into fibroblast samples. When RAG-1 was cotransfected with RAG-2, recombination frequency increased by a 1000-fold. [3]
The "upper" part of an antibody.The complementarity-determining regions of the heavy chain are shown in red (. Complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) are polypeptide segments of the variable chains in immunoglobulins (antibodies) and T cell receptors, generated by B-cells and T-cells respectively.
1791 21673 Ensembl ENSG00000107447 ENSMUSG00000025014 UniProt P04053 P09838 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001017520 NM_004088 NM_001043228 NM_009345 RefSeq (protein) NP_001017520 NP_004079 NP_001036693 NP_033371 Location (UCSC) Chr 10: 96.3 – 96.34 Mb Chr 19: 41.02 – 41.05 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), also known as DNA ...
The framework regions are highly conserved regions of the variable portion of the antibody. The evolutionary reason for the conservation of these regions is to support proper folding of the antibody allowing the CDR regions to be stabilized. Folding in FR leads to antibody structure flexibility or rigidity of the binding region of the antibody ...