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2. Geographic information system - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Information_System

   GIS data acquisition includes several methods for gathering spatial data into a GIS database, which can be grouped into three categories: primary data capture, the direct measurement phenomena in the field (e.g., remote sensing, the global positioning system); secondary data capture, the extraction of information from existing sources that are ...

3. List of GIS data sources - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GIS_data_sources

   Online collection of all digital USGS 1:24K scale topographic maps (as well as various other GIS data) covering the United States, available as a free download. NPScape United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NPScape is a landscape dynamics monitoring project that provides landscape-level data, tools, and evaluations for ...

4. Geospatial intelligence - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence

   The definitions and usage of the terms geospatial data, geospatial information, and geospatial knowledge are not consistent or unambiguous, further exacerbating the situation. Geospatial data can (usually) be applied to the output of a collector or collection system before it is processed, i.e., data that was sensed.

5. Geographic data and information - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_data_and...

   There are also many different types of geodata, including vector files, raster files, geographic databases, web files, and multi-temporal data. Spatial data or spatial information is broader class of data whose geometry is relevant but it is not necessarily georeferenced, such as in computer-aided design (CAD), see geometric modeling.

6. GIS in geospatial intelligence - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIS_in_geospatial_intelligence

   Geographic information systems (GIS) play a constantly evolving role in geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) and United States national security.These technologies allow a user to efficiently manage, analyze, and produce geospatial data, to combine GEOINT with other forms of intelligence collection, and to perform highly developed analysis and visual production of geospatial data.

7. Data model (GIS) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_model_(GIS)

   Because the world is much more complex than can be represented in a computer, all geospatial data are incomplete approximations of the world. [9] Thus, most geospatial data models encode some form of strategy for collecting a finite sample of an often infinite domain, and a structure to organize the sample in such a way as to enable interpolation of the nature of the unsampled portion.

8. Quantitative geography - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_geography

   One of the primary criticisms is reductionism, contending that the emphasis on quantifying data and utilizing mathematical models tends to oversimplify the intricate nature of social and spatial phenomena. [3] Critics also argue that quantitative methods may disregard the unique cultural and historical contexts of specific geographical locations.

9. Geophysical survey - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysical_survey

   There are many methods and types of instruments used in geophysical surveys. Technologies used for geophysical surveys include: [1] Seismic methods, such as reflection seismology, seismic refraction, and seismic tomography. This type of survey is carried out to discover the detailed structure of the rock formations beneath the surface of the Earth.