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In addition to symptoms of hypogonadism and sexual dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia can cause breast changes such as breast pain, breast enlargement, gynecomastia, and galactorrhea. [ 55 ] [ 71 ] [ 72 ] Galactorrhea secondary to hyperprolactinemia is very common in premenopausal women (80%) but more uncommon in individuals with low estrogen ...
Progesterone can cause the emergence (or significant worsening) of abdominal pain, constipation, yeast infections, breast cancer, cystitis, acne, conjunctivitis, thrombotic disorders resulting in pulmonary embolus, strokes or heart attacks, epilepsy, migraine, asthma, and cardiac or renal dysfunction.
Progesterone (P4), sold under the brand name Prometrium among others, is a medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone. [20] It is a progestogen and is used in combination with estrogens mainly in hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and low sex hormone levels in women.
“The mentioned result can also be communicated in another way: for every 714 women using their first ‘high dose’ hormone IUD for 5 years, one woman will develop breast cancer due to the ...
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Perimenopausal women have been found to have greater CYP3A4 activity relative to men and postmenopausal women, and it has been inferred that this may be due to the higher progesterone levels present in perimenopausal women. [33] Progesterone modulates the activity of CatSper (cation channels of sperm) voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels.
The increase in breast cancer risk with estrogen and progestogen therapy was shown to be causal with conjugated estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate in the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trials. [122] [155] Breast cancer risk with combined estrogen and progestogen therapy may differ depending on the progestogen used.
Observational studies of systemic HRT after breast cancer are generally reassuring. If HRT is necessary after breast cancer, estrogen-only therapy or estrogen therapy with a progestogen may be safer options than combined systemic therapy. [71] In women who are BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers, HRT does not appear to impact breast cancer risk. [72]