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Risk equalization is a way of equalizing the risk profiles of insurance members to avoid loading premiums on the insured to some predetermined extent.. In health insurance, it enables private health insurance to operate in some countries to be offered at a common rate for all even though insurers are not allowed by law to reject clients or impose special conditions for their health insurance.
In finance, risk-adjusted net present value (rNPV) or expected net existing value (eNPV) is a method to value risky future cash flows. rNPV is the standard valuation method in the drug development industry, [1] where sufficient data exists to estimate success rates for all R&D phases. [2]
Modigliani risk-adjusted performance (also known as M 2, M2, Modigliani–Modigliani measure or RAP) is a measure of the risk-adjusted returns of some investment portfolio. It measures the returns of the portfolio, adjusted for the risk of the portfolio relative to that of some benchmark (e.g., the market).
Financial risk modeling is the use of formal mathematical and econometric techniques to measure, monitor and control the market risk, credit risk, and operational risk on a firm's balance sheet, on a bank's accounting ledger of tradeable financial assets, or of a fund manager's portfolio value; see Financial risk management.
Risk is the lack of certainty about the outcome of making a particular choice. Statistically, the level of downside risk can be calculated as the product of the probability that harm occurs (e.g., that an accident happens) multiplied by the severity of that harm (i.e., the average amount of harm or more conservatively the maximum credible amount of harm).
Economic capital is a function of market risk, credit risk, and operational risk, and is often calculated by VaR. This use of capital based on risk improves the capital allocation across different functional areas of banks, insurance companies, or any business in which capital is placed at risk for an expected return above the risk-free rate.
MEHARI Expert (2010) combines a powerful and extendible knowledge base with a flexible suite of tools supporting the following information security risk analysis and management activities: Threat analysis: top business managers describe the organization's activities, list the potential issues or concerns that might adversely affect those ...
An increased limit factor (ILF) at limit L relative to basic limit B can be defined as = + + + + + + ()where ALAE is the allocated loss adjustment expense provision, ULAE is the unallocated loss adjustment expense provision, and RL is the risk load provision.