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Earnings at risk (EaR) and the related cash flow at risk (CFaR) [1] [2] [3] are measures reflecting the potential impact of market risk on the income statement and cash flow statement respectively, and hence the risk to the institution's return on assets and, ultimately, return on equity.
A cash flow statement reports on a company's cash flow activities, particularly its operating, investing and financing activities over a stated period. Notably, a balance sheet represents a snapshot in time, whereas the income statement, the statement of changes in equity, and the cash flow statement each represent activities over an accounting ...
and "Risk assessment is the identification and analysis of relevant risks to achievement of the objectives." The SOX guidance states several hierarchical levels at which risk assessment may occur, such as entity, account, assertion, process, and transaction class. Objectives, risks, and controls may be analyzed at each of these levels.
Special risk accounting techniques do exist but are in practice mostly restricted to financial instruments as accounting objects and financial institutions as accounting subjects. They include: At-Risk-Measures such as value at risk, Cash Flow at Risk or Earnings at Risk. Risk adjusted performance measures as RAROC and RARORAC. In summary, it ...
Equity risk is the risk that stock prices in general (not related to a particular company or industry) or the implied volatility will change. When it comes to long-term investing, equities provide a return that will hopefully exceed the risk free rate of return [7] The difference between return and the risk free rate is known as the equity risk ...
Extensions to VaR include Margin-, Liquidity-, Earnings-and Cash flow at risk, as well as Liquidity-adjusted VaR. For both (i) and (ii), model risk is addressed [34] through regular validation of the models used by the bank's various divisions; for VaR models, backtesting is especially employed. Regulatory changes, are also twofold.
The fundamental accounting equation requires that the total of liabilities and equity is equal to the total of all assets at the close of each accounting period. To satisfy this requirement, all events that affect total assets and total liabilities unequally must eventually be reported as changes in equity.
Equity method in accounting is the process of treating investments in associate companies.Equity accounting is usually applied where an investor entity holds 20–50% of the voting stock of the associate company, and therefore has significant influence on the latter's management.