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The data link layer is concerned with local delivery of frames between nodes on the same level of the network. Data-link frames, as these protocol data units are called, do not cross the boundaries of a local area network. Inter-network routing and global addressing are higher-layer functions, allowing data-link protocols to focus on local ...
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For example, connecting two distinct segments (e.g. VLANs) with a router to a standard layer-2 switch requires passing the frame to the switch (first L2 hop), then to the router (second L2 hop) where the packet inside the frame is routed (L3 hop) and then passed back to the switch (third L2 hop). A layer-3 switch accomplishes the same task ...
Description Status IEEE 802.1: Higher Layer LAN Protocols Working Group: Active IEEE 802.2: LLC: Disbanded IEEE 802.3: Ethernet: Active [4] IEEE 802.4: Token bus: Disbanded IEEE 802.5: Token Ring MAC layer: Disbanded IEEE 802.6: MANs : Disbanded IEEE 802.7: Broadband LAN using Coaxial Cable: Disbanded IEEE 802.8: Fiber Optic TAG: Disbanded IEEE ...
A modular network switch with three network modules (a total of 36 Ethernet ports) and one power supply A five-port layer-2 switch without management functionality. Modern commercial switches primarily use Ethernet interfaces. The core function of an Ethernet switch is to provide multiple ports of layer-2 bridging.
From the end user, packets travel over a wholesale network service provider's network to a server called a Broadband Remote Access Server , a protocol converter and router combined. On legacy networks the path from end user customer premises' equipment to the BRAS may be over an ATM network. From there on, over an IP network, an L2TP tunnel ...
The communication occurs between routers that are known as Provider Edge routers (PE routers), as they sit on the edge of the provider's network, next to the customer's network. Internet providers who have an existing Layer 2 network (such as ATM or Frame Relay ) may choose to use these VPNs instead of the other common MPLS VPN, Layer 3 .
Internet traffic engineering is defined as that aspect of Internet network engineering dealing with the issue of performance evaluation and performance optimization of operational IP networks. Traffic engineering encompasses the application of technology and scientific principles to the measurement, characterization, modeling, and control of ...