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The case of θ = 0, φ ≠ 0 is called a simple rotation, with two unit eigenvalues forming an axis plane, and a two-dimensional rotation orthogonal to the axis plane. Otherwise, there is no axis plane. The case of θ = φ is called an isoclinic rotation, having eigenvalues e ±iθ repeated twice, so every vector is rotated through an angle θ.
In mathematics, a rotation of axes in two dimensions is a mapping from an xy-Cartesian coordinate system to an x′y′-Cartesian coordinate system in which the origin is kept fixed and the x′ and y′ axes are obtained by rotating the x and y axes counterclockwise through an angle .
A rotation can be represented by a unit-length quaternion q = (w, r →) with scalar (real) part w and vector (imaginary) part r →. The rotation can be applied to a 3D vector v → via the formula = + (+). This requires only 15 multiplications and 15 additions to evaluate (or 18 multiplications and 12 additions if the factor of 2 is done via ...
The east north up (ENU) local tangent plane is similar to NED, except for swapping 'down' for 'up' and x for y. Local tangent plane coordinates ( LTP ) are part of a spatial reference system based on the tangent plane defined by the local vertical direction and the Earth's axis of rotation.
There are exceptions: some navigation systems use south as the reference vector. Any direction can be the reference vector, as long as it is clearly defined. Quite commonly, azimuths or compass bearings are stated in a system in which either north or south can be the zero, and the angle may be measured clockwise or anticlockwise from the zero.
Geodetic latitude and geocentric latitude have different definitions. Geodetic latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and the surface normal at a point on the ellipsoid, whereas geocentric latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and a radial line connecting the centre of the ellipsoid to a point on the surface (see figure).
The angle θ and axis unit vector e define a rotation, concisely represented by the rotation vector θe.. In mathematics, the axis–angle representation parameterizes a rotation in a three-dimensional Euclidean space by two quantities: a unit vector e indicating the direction of an axis of rotation, and an angle of rotation θ describing the magnitude and sense (e.g., clockwise) of the ...
The Rodrigues vector (sometimes called the Gibbs vector, with coordinates called Rodrigues parameters) [3] [4] can be expressed in terms of the axis and angle of the rotation as follows: = ^ This representation is a higher-dimensional analog of the gnomonic projection , mapping unit quaternions from a 3-sphere onto the 3-dimensional pure ...