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Glycerophospholipids are derived from glycerol-3-phosphate in a de novo pathway. [3] The term glycerophospholipid signifies any derivative of glycerophosphoric acid that contains at least one O-acyl, or O-alkyl, or O-alk-1'-enyl residue attached to the glycerol moiety. [4] The phosphate group forms an ester linkage to the glycerol.
The highly conserved receptors and pathways can be organized into four major families based on similar structures: fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily. Binding of a paracrine factor to its respective receptor initiates signal transduction cascades, eliciting different responses.
It is most commonly taken to be synonymous with the human forms of this enzyme, which play an important role in eukaryotic cell physiology, in particular signal transduction pathways. Phospholipase C's role in signal transduction is its cleavage of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP 2 ) into diacyl glycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5 ...
A wide variety of G protein-coupled receptors activate GIRKs, including the M 2-muscarinic, A 1-adenosine, α 2-adrenergic, D 2-dopamine, μ-δ-, and κ-opioid, 5-HT 1A serotonin, somatostatin, galanin, m-Glu, GABA B, TAAR1, CB 1 and CB 2, and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors. [2] [3] [8] Examples of GIRKs include a subset of potassium ...
If a receptor in an active state encounters a G protein, it may activate it. Some evidence suggests that receptors and G proteins are actually pre-coupled. [37] For example, binding of G proteins to receptors affects the receptor's affinity for ligands. Activated G proteins are bound to GTP. Further signal transduction depends on the type of G ...
Examples of PAF antagonists are: [10] CV-3988 is a PAF antagonist that blocks signaling events correlated to the expression and binding of PAF to the PAF Receptor . SM-12502 is a PAF antagonist , which is metabolized in the liver by the enzyme CYP2A6 .
The effects of GRP are mediated through the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor. This receptor is a glycosylated, 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor that activates the phospholipase C signaling pathway. The receptor is aberrantly expressed in numerous cancers such as those of the lung, colon, and prostate.
G2A in humans is encoded by the GPR132 gene. [6] [7] The G2A gene is located on chromosome 14q32.3 codes for two alternative splice variants, the original one, G2A-a, and G2A-b, that consist of 380 and 371 amino acids, respectively; the two receptor variants, when expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, gave very similar results when analyzed for functionality. [8]