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In mathematics, the branch of real analysis studies the behavior of real numbers, sequences and series of real numbers, and real functions. [1] Some particular properties of real-valued sequences and functions that real analysis studies include convergence , limits , continuity , smoothness , differentiability and integrability .
The shift rule is a mathematical rule for sequences and series. Here and are natural numbers. For sequences, the rule states that ... additional terms may apply.
In the real numbers every Cauchy sequence converges to some limit. A Cauchy sequence is a sequence whose terms ultimately become arbitrarily close together, after sufficiently many initial terms have been discarded. The notion of a Cauchy sequence is important in the study of sequences in metric spaces, and, in particular, in real analysis.
In mathematics, a recurrence relation is an equation according to which the th term of a sequence of numbers is equal to some combination of the previous terms. Often, only previous terms of the sequence appear in the equation, for a parameter that is independent of ; this number is called the order of the relation.
Informally, a sequence has a limit if the elements of the sequence become closer and closer to some value (called the limit of the sequence), and they become and remain arbitrarily close to , meaning that given a real number greater than zero, all but a finite number of the elements of the sequence have a distance from less than .
When every term of a series is a non-negative real number, for instance when the terms are the absolute values of another series of real numbers or complex numbers, the sequence of partial sums is non-decreasing. Therefore a series with non-negative terms converges if and only if the sequence of partial sums is bounded, and so finding a bound ...
The real numbers are considered as the constant sequences, the sequence is zero if it is identically zero, that is, a n = 0 for all n. In our ring of sequences one can get ab = 0 with neither a = 0 nor b = 0. Thus, if for two sequences , one has ab = 0, at least one of them should be declared zero. Surprisingly enough, there is a consistent way ...
[15] [19] Mathematics education researcher Hung-Hsi Wu points out that "one never gets a computation of this type in real life", and calls such contrived examples "a kind of Gotcha! parlor game designed to trap an unsuspecting person by phrasing it in terms of a set of unreasonably convoluted rules". [12]