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The term addiction usually correlates with a severe substance use disorder. Addiction is characterized by behavior that is originally voluntary and reward-seeking that over time, becomes compulsive, with a desire to avoid dysphoria or withdrawal rather than to experience the original positive effects associated.
Social isolation and loneliness in older adults is associated with an increased risk for poor mental and physical health and increased mortality. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] There is an increased risk for early mortality in individuals experiencing social isolation compared to those who are not socially isolated. [ 68 ]
It is usually associated with emotional pain, despair, helplessness, guilt, anxiety, and loneliness. [ 3 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 18 ] On the cognitive side, the affected are often confronted with a loss of meaning and purpose together with the realization of one's own end.
Addiction is a fairly broad term; it is most often associated with substance use disorders, but it can also be extended to cover a number of other compulsive behaviors, including sex, internet, television, gambling, food, and shopping. Within these categories of addiction a common diagnostic scale involves tolerance, withdrawal, and cravings. [1]
Models of addiction risk that have been proposed in psychology literature include an affect dysregulation model of positive and negative psychological affects, the reinforcement sensitivity theory model of impulsiveness and behavioral inhibition, and an impulsivity model of reward sensitization and impulsiveness. [1] [5] [6]
NA suggests that the disease of addiction can be arrested, and recovery is possible through the NA twelve-step program. The steps never mention drugs or drug use, rather they refer only to addiction, to indicate that addicts have a disease of which drug use is one symptom. In the NA program, all drugs are considered equal, and alcohol is also a ...
Substance dependence, also known as drug dependence, is a biopsychological situation whereby an individual's functionality is dependent on the necessitated re-consumption of a psychoactive substance because of an adaptive state that has developed within the individual from psychoactive substance consumption that results in the experience of withdrawal and that necessitates the re-consumption ...
The dictionary was first considered in 2006 when Koenig was studying at Macalester College, Minnesota and attempting to write poetry.The Dictionary of Obscure Sorrows was the idea he came up with that would contain all the words he needed for his poetry, including emotions that had never been linguistically described. [11]