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A property, in some object-oriented programming languages, is a special sort of class member, intermediate in functionality between a field (or data member) and a method.The syntax for reading and writing of properties is like for fields, but property reads and writes are (usually) translated to 'getter' and 'setter' method calls.
Method chaining is a common syntax for invoking multiple method calls in object-oriented programming languages. Each method returns an object, allowing the calls to be chained together in a single statement without requiring variables to store the intermediate results.
In object-oriented computer programming, a null object is an object with no referenced value or with defined neutral (null) behavior.The null object design pattern, which describes the uses of such objects and their behavior (or lack thereof), was first published as "Void Value" [1] and later in the Pattern Languages of Program Design book series as "Null Object".
Private (or class-private) restricts access to the class itself. Only methods that are part of the same class can access private members. Protected (or class-protected) allows the class itself and all its subclasses to access the member. Public means that any code can access the member by its name.
In class-based programming, methods are defined within a class, and objects are instances of a given class. One of the most important capabilities that a method provides is method overriding - the same name (e.g., area) can be used for multiple different kinds of classes. This allows the sending objects to invoke behaviors and to delegate the ...
However, within C# value types, this has quite different semantics, being similar to an ordinary mutable variable reference, and can even occur on the left side of an assignment. One use of this in C# is to allow reference to an outer field variable within a method that contains a local variable that has the same name.
Whether this suffices to call function values first-class is disputed. Some authors require it be possible to create new functions at runtime to call them 'first-class'. [ citation needed ] Under this definition, functions in C are not first-class objects; instead, they are sometimes called second-class objects , because they can still be ...
In computer programming, a callback is a function that is stored as data (a reference) and designed to be called by another function – often back to the original abstraction layer. A function that accepts a callback parameter may be designed to call back before returning to its caller which is known as synchronous or blocking.