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A shale gas well being drilled by a drilling rig in Pennsylvania. Produced water is a term used in the oil industry or geothermal industry to describe water that is produced as a byproduct during the extraction of oil and natural gas, [1] or used as a medium for heat extraction.
Water has a neutral pH of 7 so once a gas is mixed with water, if the resulting mixture has a pH of less than 7 that means it is an acidic gas; if the pH is more than 7, that means it is an alkaline gas. [1] The term/s acid gas and sour gas are often incorrectly treated as synonyms. Strictly speaking, a sour gas is any gas that specifically ...
A natural-gas processing plant in Aderklaa, Austria. Natural-gas processing is a range of industrial processes designed to purify raw natural gas by removing contaminants such as solids, water, carbon dioxide (CO 2), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), mercury and higher molecular mass hydrocarbons to produce pipeline quality dry natural gas [1] for pipeline distribution and final use. [2]
Tartaric acid [9] is the most prominent acid in wine with the majority of the concentration present as potassium bitartrate. During fermentation, these tartrates bind with the lees, pulp debris and precipitated tannins and pigments. While there is some variation according to grape variety and climate, usually about half of the deposits are ...
Diagram depicting the sources and cycles of acid rain precipitation. Freshwater acidification occurs when acidic inputs enter a body of fresh water through the weathering of rocks, invasion of acidifying gas (e.g. carbon dioxide), or by the reduction of acid anions, like sulfate and nitrate within a lake, pond, or reservoir. [1]
Sour gas is natural gas or any other gas containing significant amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S). Natural gas is usually considered sour if there are more than 5.7 milligrams of H 2 S per cubic meter of natural gas, which is equivalent to approximately 4 ppm by volume under standard temperature and pressure.
The hydrogen sulfide gas is biochemically oxidized in the presence of moisture to form sulfuric acid. The effect of sulfuric acid on concrete and steel surfaces exposed to severe wastewater environments can be devastating. [1] In the USA alone, corrosion causes sewer asset losses estimated at $14 billion per year. [2]
The layer of grape skins that are forced by rising carbon dioxide gas to the top of the fermentation vessel during cuvaison. Carbonic acid Carbon dioxide gas dissolved in the water content of wine. It is a volatile acid that held in equilibrium with the dissolved carbon dioxide gas and can not be isolated in a pure form. Carbonic gas