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A urine test is any medical test performed on a urine specimen. The analysis of urine is a valuable diagnostic tool because its composition reflects the functioning of many body systems, particularly the kidneys and urinary system , and specimens are easy to obtain. [ 1 ]
Urine cytology is a test that looks for abnormal cells in urine under a microscope. The test commonly checks for infection, inflammatory disease of the urinary tract, cancer, or precancerous conditions. It can be part of a broader urinalysis. If a cancerous condition is detected, other tests and procedures are usually recommended to diagnose ...
Urinalysis, a portmanteau of the words urine and analysis, [1] is a panel of medical tests that includes physical (macroscopic) examination of the urine, chemical evaluation using urine test strips, and microscopic examination.
As the symptoms are common and non-specific, LUTS is not necessarily a reason to suspect prostate cancer. [7] Large studies of patients have also failed to show any correlation between lower urinary tract symptoms and a specific diagnosis. [11]
Ureter cancer rarely causes problems in the early stages, but as the cancer progresses, there are often side effects. [5] Symptoms of ureteral cancer may include "blood in the urine (); diminished urine stream and straining to void (caused by urethral stricture); frequent urination and increased nighttime urination (); hardening of tissue in the perineum, labia, or penis; itching; incontinence ...
Theories behind the disease include stress-driven hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysfunction and adrenocortical hormone (endocrine) abnormalities, [15] [16] [17] and neurogenic inflammation. [18] [19] [20] The role of androgens is studied in CP/CPPS, [21] with C 21 11-oxygenated steroids (pregnanes) are presumed to be precursors to ...
Other tests include: [26] Stress test – the patient relaxes, then coughs vigorously as the doctor watches for loss of urine. Urinalysis – urine is tested for evidence of infection, urinary stones, or other contributing causes. Blood tests – blood is taken, sent to a laboratory, and examined for substances related to causes of incontinence.
Blood tests are also used to assess kidney function. These include tests that are intended to directly measure the function of the kidneys, as well as tests that assess the function of the kidneys by looking for evidence of problems associated with abnormal function. One of the measures of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).