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The Na–K–Cl cotransporter (NKCC) is a transport protein that aids in the secondary active transport of sodium, potassium, and chloride into cells. [1] In humans there are two isoforms of this membrane transport protein , NKCC1 and NKCC2 , encoded by two different genes ( SLC12A2 and SLC12A1 respectively).
The sodium-chloride symporter or NCC is a member of the SLC12 cotransporter family of electroneutral cation-coupled chloride cotransporter, along with the potassium-chloride cotransporters (K +-Cl − cotransporters or KCCs), the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporters (Na +-K +-Cl − cotransporters or NKCCs) and orphan member CIP (cotransporter interacting protein) and CCC9.
An element–reaction–product table is used to find coefficients while balancing an equation representing a chemical reaction. Coefficients represent moles of a substance so that the number of atoms produced is equal to the number of atoms being reacted with. [1] This is the common setup: Element: all the elements that are in the reaction ...
The sodium–potassium pump is found in many cell (plasma) membranes. Powered by ATP, the pump moves sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions, each against its concentration gradient. In a single cycle of the pump, three sodium ions are extruded from and two potassium ions are imported into the cell.
The chloride potassium symporter is a membrane transport protein of the solute carrier family 12 that is present in the S3-segment of the renal proximal tubule [1] and in the neuron. [2] It functions in renal chloride reabsorption to transport chloride across the basolateral membrane . [ 1 ]
SGLT1 is an electrogenic transporter as the sodium electrochemical gradient drives glucose uphill into the cells. SGLT1 is a high affinity Na + /glucose cotransporter that has an important role in transferring sugar across the epithelial cells of renal proximal tubules and of the intestine, in particular the small intestine.
The energy stored in an inwardly directed electrochemical sodium gradient, the sodium-motive force (SMF) is used to drive solute accumulation against a concentration gradient. The SMF is generated by primary sodium pumps (e.g. sodium/potassium ATPases, sodium translocating respiratory chain complexes) or via the action of sodium/proton antiporters.
The reaction is driven by the low solubility of potassium chlorate in water. The equilibrium of the reaction is shifted to the right hand side by the continuous precipitation of the product (Le Chatelier's Principle). The precursor sodium chlorate is produced industrially in very large quantities by electrolysis of sodium chloride, common table ...