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4-Fluoroephedrine, also known as 4-fluoro-β-hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine, is a substituted phenethylamine, amphetamine, and β-hydroxyamphetamine derivative. [6] [1] It is the 4-fluoro analogue of ephedrine. [6] [1] The synthesis of 4-fluoroephedrine has been described. [7] It can serve as a precursor in the synthesis of 4-fluoromethamphetamine ...
Ephedrine promotes modest short-term weight loss, [24] specifically fat loss, but its long-term effects are unknown. [25] In mice, ephedrine is known to stimulate thermogenesis in the brown adipose tissue, but because adult humans have only small amounts of brown fat, thermogenesis is assumed to take place mostly in the skeletal muscle.
Additionally, Ephedrine acts as an anorectic, or appetite-suppressing drug. However, the anorectic effect becomes less pronounced over time, as the body becomes tolerant of ephedrine to some degree. An estimated 75% of the efficacy of the ECA stack can be attributed to decreased appetite, while the remaining 25% is due to the thermogenic ...
Different ATS also have different toxic dose. Methamphetamine fatality from ATS have been reported after ingestion of a minimal dose of 1.3 mg/kg, while the estimated minimum lethal dose in a non-addicted adult is 200 mg. [14] [26] Generally, children are more likely to develop toxicity and have lower chances of developing tolerance. [14]
4-Fluoroamphetamine is a releasing agent and reuptake inhibitor of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. [9] The respective EC 50 values are 2.0 x 10 −7 M, 7.3 x 10 −7 M, and 0.37 x 10 −7 M, while the IC 50 values are 7.7 x 10 −7 M, 68 x 10 −7 M, and 4.2 x 10 −7 M. [3]
Tedral was withdrawn from the US market in 2006 due to safety concerns related to the use of ephedrine. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had previously issued warnings about the use of ephedrine-containing products due to their potential for serious side effects, including heart attack, stroke, and death. [30]
Racephedrine, also known as racemic ephedrine and sold under the brand names Efetonina and Ephoxamine among others, is the racemic form of ephedrine which has been used as a bronchodilator to treat asthma.
[4] [5] [6] It is taken by mouth. [1] Oxilofrine acts as a norepinephrine releasing agent and hence is an indirectly acting sympathomimetic. [7] [6] [8] It is a substituted amphetamine and is closely related to ephedrine (with oxilofrine also being known as 4-hydroxyephedrine). [4] [8] Oxilofrine was first developed in the 1930s. [9]