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Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are mineral concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. As nodules can be found in vast quantities, and contain valuable metals, deposits have been identified as a potential economic interest. [ 1 ]
An abundant resource of manganese in the form of manganese nodules found on the ocean floor. [65] These nodules, which are composed of 29% manganese, [66] are located along the ocean floor. The environmental impacts of nodule collection are of interest. [67] [68]
In the case of AMD, contaminated water is generally pumped to a treatment facility that neutralizes the contaminants. [25] A 2006 review of environmental impact statements found that "water quality predictions made after considering the effects of mitigation largely underestimated actual impacts to groundwater, seeps , and surface water".
Polymetallic nodules on the deep seabed in the CCZ Example of manganese nodule that can be found on the sea floor. Polymetallic nodules are found at depths of 4–6 km (2.5–3.7 mi) in all major oceans, but also in shallow waters like the Baltic Sea and in freshwater lakes. [23] [24] They are the most readily minable type of deep sea ore. [25]
This does demonstrate, however, that the recovery of minerals from the seafloor is possible and has been possible for some time. Mining of manganese nodules served as a cover story for the elaborate attempt in 1974 by the CIA to raise the sunken Soviet submarine K-129 using the Glomar Explorer, a ship purpose-built for the task by Howard Hughes ...
Model of seabed mining technology. Seabed mining, also known as Seafloor mining [1] is the recovery of minerals from the seabed by techniques of underwater mining. The concept includes mining at shallow depths on the continental shelf and deep-sea mining at greater depths associated with tectonic activity, hydrothermal vents and the abyssal plains.
A bed of manganese nodules offshore of the Cook Islands; Seafloor environments: However most groundbreaking recent scientific discoveries were manganese nodules on the abyssal seafloor has suggested abiotic dark oxygen production. [13] The proposed mechanism is electrolysis, because voltages were recorded on the surface of the nodules.
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