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The flutter kick in a front crawl. In swimming strokes such as the front crawl or backstroke, the primary purpose of the flutter kick in beginner and intermediate swimmers is not propulsion but keeping the legs up and in the shadow for the upper body and assisting body rotation for arm strokes.
Backstroke swimming (amateur competition, non-optimal style) In backstroke, the arms contribute most of the forward movement. The arm stroke consists of two main parts: the power phase (consisting of three separate parts) and the recovery. [3] The arms alternate so that one arm is always underwater while the other arm is recovering.
Most strokes involve rhythmic and coordinated movements of all major body parts — torso, arms, legs, hands, feet, and head. Breathing typically must be synchronized with the strokes, too. It is possible, however, to swim by moving only legs without arms or only arms without legs; such strokes may be used for special purposes, for training or ...
The septa are formed from the fascia which is made up of a strong type of connective tissue. The fascia also separates the skeletal muscles from the subcutaneous tissue. [2] Due to the great pressure placed on the leg, from the column of blood from the heart to the feet, the fascia is very thick in order to support the leg muscles. [3]
Pronation is a natural movement of the foot that occurs during foot landing while running or walking. Composed of three cardinal plane components: subtalar eversion, ankle dorsiflexion, and forefoot abduction, [1] [2] these three distinct motions of the foot occur simultaneously during the pronation phase. [3]
The turn involves a touch on the wall in backstroke, followed by a back flip which puts the swimmer in position to push off into breaststroke. Crossover turn: a turn used in individual medley in the backstroke-to-breaststroke transition. In one fluid motion, the swimmer touches the wall on their back, rotates onto their front, and does a front ...
A functional muscle synergy is defined as a pattern of co-activation of muscles recruited by a single neural command signal. [18] One muscle can be part of multiple muscle synergies, and one synergy can activate multiple muscles. Synergies are learned, rather than being hardwired, like motor programs, and are organized in a task-dependent manner.
Acting via the Achilles tendon, the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles cause plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle. This action brings the sole of the foot closer to the back of the leg. The gastrocnemius also flexes the leg at the knee. Both muscles are innervated by the tibial nerve. [14]