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The Oppidum of Manching (German: Oppidum von Manching) was a large Celtic proto-urban or city-like settlement at modern-day Manching, near Ingolstadt, in Bavaria, Germany. The Iron Age town (or oppidum ) was founded in the 3rd century BC and existed until c. 50-30 BC.
An oppidum (pl.: oppida) is a large fortified Iron Age settlement or town. Oppida are primarily associated with the Celtic late La Tène culture , emerging during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, spread across Europe, stretching from Britain and Iberia in the west to the edge of the Hungarian Plain in the east.
The others are guides to religious devotion (Murugan) and to major towns, sometimes mixed with akam- or puram-genre poetry. [ 1 ] [ 4 ] The Pattuppāṭṭu collection is a later dated collection, with its earliest layer composed sometime between 2nd and 3rd century CE, the middle between 2nd and 4th century, while the last layer sometime ...
By contrast to Manching, only a fraction of the walled area likely was occupied by buildings. The oppidum's location at the two rivers and between Manching, Berching, and other settlements farther downstream on the Danube, together with the ample supply of wood and iron, likely were the basis for its existence. [1]: 394
A gold-and-bronze model of an oak tree (3rd century BCE) found at the Oppidum of Manching. Sculptures from Roquepertuse , a sanctuary in the south of France The silver Gundestrup cauldron (2nd or 1st century BCE), found ritually broken in a peat bog near Gundestrup, Denmark , but probably made near the Black Sea , perhaps in Thrace .
Below is the text of A solis ortus cardine with the eleven verses translated into English by John Mason Neale in the nineteenth century. Since it was written, there have been many translations of the two hymns extracted from the text, A solis ortus cardine and Hostis Herodes impie, including Anglo-Saxon translations, Martin Luther's German translation and John Dryden's versification.
There have also been four translations into English. Muriel Rukeyser's was published as Sun Stone/Piedra de Sol in a bilingual edition (New Directions, 1962) and was followed by Peter Miller's Sun-Stone in Canada (Contact, Toronto, 1963) and Donald Gardner's Piedra de Sol: The Sun Stone in the UK (Cosmos Publications, York, 1969). [7]
The poetic style of the Heavenly Question is markedly different from the other sections of the Chuci collection, with the exception of the "Nine Songs" ("Jiuge"). The poetic form of the Heavenly Questions is the four-character line, more similar to the Shijing than to the predominantly variable lines generally typical of the Chuci pieces, the vocabulary also differs from most of the rest of ...