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Definition. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke defines reading disability or dyslexia as follows: "Dyslexia is a brain-based type of learning disability that specifically impairs a person's ability to read. These individuals typically read at levels significantly lower than expected despite having normal intelligence.
Low general cognitive ability would make reading more difficult. Cognitive ability measures also often try to measure different cognitive processes, such as verbal ability, nonverbal and spatial reasoning, working memory, and processing speed. There are different versions of these tests for different age groups.
In patients with Alzheimer's disease, WTAR scores declined as the degree of cognitive impairment increased in more affected individuals. [2] [7] Individuals with preexisting learning disorders were found to perform poorly relative to those without learning disorders. Reading-disabled individuals scored lower on WTAR than on WAIS test measures ...
Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability (in the United Kingdom [ 3 ]) and formerly mental retardation (in the United States [ 4 ]), [ 5 ][ 6 ] is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant impairment in intellectual and adaptive functioning that is first apparent during childhood.
Language-based learning disabilities or LBLD are "heterogeneous" neurological differences that can affect skills such as listening, reasoning, speaking, reading, writing, and math calculations. [1] It is also associated with movement, coordination, and direct attention. LBLD is not usually identified until the child reaches school age.
Phonological dyslexia. Phonological dyslexia is a reading disability that is a form of alexia (acquired dyslexia), [ 1 ] resulting from brain injury, stroke, or progressive illness and that affects previously acquired reading abilities. The major distinguishing symptom of acquired phonological dyslexia is that a selective impairment of the ...
Surface dyslexia is a type of dyslexia, or reading disorder. [1][2] According to Marshall & Newcombe's (1973) and McCarthy & Warrington's study (1990), patients with this kind of disorder cannot recognize a word as a whole due to the damage of the left parietal or temporal lobe. Individuals with surface dyslexia are unable to recognize a word ...
Website. ielts.org. International English Language Testing System (IELTS / ˈaɪ.ɛlts /) [ 6 ] is an international standardized test of English language proficiency for non-native English language speakers. It is jointly managed by the British Council, IDP and Cambridge English, [ 6 ] and was established in 1989.