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The stress at initial yield is σ0. Work hardening, also known as strain hardening, is the process by which a material's load-bearing capacity (strength) increases during plastic (permanent) deformation. This characteristic is what sets ductile materials apart from brittle materials. [1] Work hardening may be desirable, undesirable, or ...
Hardening (metallurgy) Hardening is a metallurgical metalworking process used to increase the hardness of a metal. The hardness of a metal is directly proportional to the uniaxial yield stress at the location of the imposed strain. A harder metal will have a higher resistance to plastic deformation than a less hard metal.
Precipitation hardening, also called age hardening or particle hardening, is a heat treatment technique used to increase the yield strength of malleable materials, including most structural alloys of aluminium, magnesium, nickel, titanium, and some steels, stainless steels, and duplex stainless steel. In superalloys, it is known to cause yield ...
Strain hardening exponent. The strain hardening exponent (also called the strain hardening index), usually denoted , is a measured parameter that quantifies the ability of a material to become stronger due to strain hardening. Strain hardening (work hardening) is the process by which a material's load-bearing capacity increases during plastic ...
At 0-D there is precipitate and solid solution strengthening with particulates strengthening structure, at 1-D there is work/forest hardening with line dislocations as the hardening mechanism, and at 2-D there is grain boundary strengthening with surface energy of granular interfaces providing strength improvement.
Work hardening makes the metal harder, stiffer, and stronger, but less plastic, and may cause cracks of the piece. [1]: p.378 The possible uses of cold forming are extremely varied, including large flat sheets, complex folded shapes, metal tubes, screw heads and threads, riveted joints, and much more.
A6061. 6061 aluminium alloy (Unified Numbering System (UNS) designation A96061) is a precipitation-hardened aluminium alloy, containing magnesium and silicon as its major alloying elements. Originally called "Alloy 61S", it was developed in 1935. [2] It has good mechanical properties, exhibits good weldability, and is very commonly extruded ...
Autofrettage. Autofrettage is a work-hardening process in which a pressure vessel (thick walled) is subjected to enormous pressure, causing internal portions of the part to yield plastically, resulting in internal compressive residual stresses once the pressure is released. The goal of autofrettage is to increase the pressure-carrying capacity ...
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