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The Reading Lesson, an oil painting by Leon Augustin Lhermitte (1844-1925) Professor John Downing, an educational psychologist, proposed the cognitive clarity theory of learning to read in a paper which he presented to the annual meeting of the United Kingdom Literacy Association between the 23rd and 28th of July, 1971.
The dual-route theory of reading aloud was first described in the early 1970s. [1] This theory suggests that two separate mental mechanisms, or cognitive routes, are involved in reading aloud, with output of both mechanisms contributing to the pronunciation of a written stimulus.
Cognitive theory mostly explains complex forms of learning in terms of reasoning, problem solving and information processing. [14] Emphasis must be placed on the fact that the goal of all aforementioned viewpoints is considered to be the same - the transfer of knowledge to the student in the most efficient and effective manner possible. [17]
1984 – Language Awareness and Learning to Read, published originally by Springer-Verlag [112] An interesting example of the application of the cognitive clarity theory of learning to read is the Young Set Dictionaries which Downing co-authored. The theory suggests that children have their own vocabulary of words which they desire to read and ...
Working from diverse perspectives, Frank Smith and Kenneth S. Goodman developed the theory of a unified single reading process that comprises an interaction between reader, text and language. [21] On the whole, Smith's writing challenges conventional teaching and diverts from popular assumptions about reading.
The taxonomy divides learning objectives into three broad domains: cognitive (knowledge-based), affective (emotion-based), and psychomotor (action-based), each with a hierarchy of skills and abilities. These domains are used by educators to structure curricula, assessments, and teaching methods to foster different types of learning.
He has sharply criticized learning styles theories as unsupported [3] and has cautioned against the empty application of neuroscience in education. [4] He has advocated for teaching students scientifically proven study habits, [5] [6] and for a greater focus on the importance of knowledge in driving reading comprehension. [7]
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch. [1] [2] [3] [4]For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.