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Weaker sources of circular polarization in nature include multiple scattering by linear polarizers [dubious – discuss], as in the circular polarization of starlight, and selective absorption by circularly dichroic media. Radio emission from pulsars can be strongly circularly polarized. [23]
Political polarization can help transform or disrupt the status quo, sometimes addressing injustices or imbalances in a popular vs. oligarchic struggle. [107] [108] Political polarization can serve to unify, invigorate, or mobilize potential allies at the elite and mass levels. It can also help to divide, weaken, or pacify competitors.
Opinions on polarization's effects on the public are mixed. Some argue that the growing polarization in government has directly contributed to political polarization in the electorate, [167] but this is not unanimous. [163] [168] Some scholars argue that polarization lowers public interest in politics, party identification and voter turnout. [167]
Circular polarization can be created by sending linearly polarized light through a quarter-wave plate oriented at 45° to the linear polarization to create two components of the same amplitude with the required phase shift. The superposition of the original and phase-shifted components causes a rotating electric field vector, which is depicted ...
Yet no government can be all these things and still remain a government." This contradiction produces an unavoidable gap between ideals and institutions, an "IvI" gap. This gap is normally tolerable, but it is a gap that sometimes leads to bursts of "creedal passion" against existing systems and institutions, bursts that typically last around ...
The advancement of technology and the media has strongly influenced negative partisanship. The rise of tv, radio, and internet news outlets has created a fragmented and polarized media landscape. This has enabled individuals to choose to watch ideologically aligned news sources that often depict the opposing party in a negative manner.
This makes circular polarization an extremely important property for studies of solar radio emission, as it can be used to help understand how the radiation was produced. While circular polarization is most prevalent in solar radio observations, it is also possible to produce linear polarizations in certain circumstances. [ 39 ]
Insofar as a majority supporting (or at least not opposing) the government is still necessary, gridlock can arise in much the same way as in parliamentary systems. However, semi-presidential arrangements have an additional potential source of political friction - cohabitation. In this instance, the legislature and the President may be from ...