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This non-commutativity has some unexpected consequences, among them that a polynomial equation over the quaternions can have more distinct solutions than the degree of the polynomial. For example, the equation z 2 + 1 = 0, has infinitely many quaternion solutions, which are the quaternions z = b i + c j + d k such that b 2 + c 2 + d 2 = 1.
Kasner used it to illustrate the difference between an unimaginably large number and infinity, and in this role it is sometimes used in teaching mathematics. To put in perspective the size of a googol, the mass of an electron, just under 10 −30 kg, can be compared to the mass of the visible universe, estimated at between 10 50 and 10 60 kg. [ 5 ]
Solutions of the equation are also called roots or zeros of the polynomial on the left side. The theorem states that each rational solution x = p ⁄ q, written in lowest terms so that p and q are relatively prime, satisfies: p is an integer factor of the constant term a 0, and; q is an integer factor of the leading coefficient a n.
A typical book can be printed with 10 6 zeros (around 400 pages with 50 lines per page and 50 zeros per line). Therefore, it requires 10 94 such books to print all the zeros of a googolplex (that is, printing a googol zeros). [4] If each book had a mass of 100 grams, all of them would have a total mass of 10 93 kilograms.
Identity testing is the problem of determining whether a given multivariate polynomial is the 0-polynomial, the polynomial that ignores all its variables and always returns zero. The lemma states that evaluating a nonzero polynomial on inputs chosen randomly from a large-enough set is likely to find an input that produces a nonzero output.
In mathematics, polynomial identity testing (PIT) is the problem of efficiently determining whether two multivariate polynomials are identical. More formally, a PIT algorithm is given an arithmetic circuit that computes a polynomial p in a field, and decides whether p is the zero polynomial.
In fact, his monthly PayPal statement showed a negative balance of more than $92 quadrillion, which would have made him more than 5,500 times more indebted than the United States government.
Zeros. Polynomials. Determinants. Number Theory. Geometry. The volumes are highly regarded for the quality of their problems and their method of organisation, not by topic but by method of solution, with a focus on cultivating the student's problem-solving skills. Each volume the contains problems at the beginning and (brief) solutions at the end.