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As mining gradually became a task for specialized craftsmen, miners moved in large groups and formed settlements close to mines, each with their own customs. They were always welcomed by regional authorities, as the latter were interested in increasing revenue through the profitable exploitation of the mineral-rich subsurface.
It was an impressive work outlining applications of mining, refining, and smelting metals, alongside discussions on geology of ore bodies, surveying, mine construction, and ventilation. He praises Pliny the Elder for his pioneering work Naturalis Historia and makes extensive references to his discussion of minerals and mining methods. For the ...
Mining of sulfur from a deposit at the edge of Ijen's crater lake, Indonesia. Mining is the extraction of valuable geological materials and minerals from the surface of the Earth. Mining is required to obtain most materials that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or feasibly created artificially in a laboratory or factory.
De re metallica (Latin for On the Nature of Metals [Minerals]) is a book in Latin cataloguing the state of the art of mining, refining, and smelting metals, published a year posthumously in 1556 due to a delay in preparing woodcuts for the text.
Shaft sinking was the most dangerous and most difficult form of mining in ancient Rome. Due to its high cost, it was only used to collect the most valuable metals in Roman society. Due to its high cost, it was only used to collect the most valuable metals in Roman society.
The full text of The Waning of the Middle Ages at Wikisource. Huizinga, Johan (1924), The Waning of the Middle Ages (scanned book), Edward Arnold & Co. – via Internet Archive. The Waning of the Middle Ages public domain audiobook at LibriVox; Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen at Project Gutenberg (In original Dutch).
British Library, Coal mining (Social Sciences Collection Guides: Topical Bibliographies) Galloway, R.L. Annals of coal mining and the coal trade. – v1 of the 1971 reprint has a bibliography in the introduction. Linsley, S.M. The Coal Industry – A Select Bibliography. Durham Mining Museum
"The Black Country", coal mining region around Charleroi, Farciennes, and Marcinelle. The Bois du Cazier mine there was the site of one of the worst mining disasters in Belgian mining history. Henegouwen: area around Anderlues, La Louvière, Ressaix and Trivières; The Borinage: coal mines around Frameries, Dour, Hornu, Boussu, Hensies, and ...