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In digital electronics, a level shifter, also called level converter or logic level shifter, or voltage level translator, is a circuit used to translate signals from one logic level or voltage domain to another, allowing compatibility between integrated circuits with different voltage requirements, such as TTL and CMOS.
Stop (logic high (1)): the next one or two bits are always in the mark (logic high, i.e., 1) condition and called the stop bit(s). They signal to the receiver that the character is complete. Since the start bit is logic low (0) and the stop bit is logic high (1) there are always at least two guaranteed signal changes between characters.
Bidirectional communication with two unidirectional lines; Point-to-point or multi-slave networks; Maximum user data rate, transmission data depending on driver and line of e.g. RS-422: 10 MHz, 1 km; LVDS: 100 Mbit/s; Independent of the applied physical layer; CRC secured communication (sensor data and control data secured separately) [8]
The output will be high (true) only when all gates are in the high-impedance state, and will be low (false) otherwise, like Boolean AND. When treated as active-low logic, this behaves like Boolean OR, since the output is low (true) when any input is low. See Transistor–transistor logic § Open collector wired logic.
A level shifter connects one digital circuit that uses one logic level to another digital circuit that uses another logic level. Often two level shifters are used, one at each system: A line driver converts from internal logic levels to standard interface line levels; a line receiver converts from interface levels to internal voltage levels.
Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232 logic levels and transistor–transistor logic level signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232.
Integrated 5 V to 3.3 V level shifter (IC 74HC4050) Digital ports D3, D4, D9, D10, D11 and D13 are available both in 5 V and 3.3 V; Header for FTDI USB to serial adapter to upload the sketches. Rhino Mega 2560 [131] ATmega2560 [31] Cyrola Inc. Arduino Uno compatible board powered by ATmega2560. D0/D1 can be changed to D19/D18.
Current mode logic (CML), or source-coupled logic (SCL), is a digital design style used both for logic gates and for board-level digital signaling of digital data. The basic principle of CML is that current from a constant current generator is steered between two alternate paths depending on whether a logic zero or logic one is being represented.