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The automobile in American history and culture: a reference guide (Greenwood, 2001). Condit, Carl W. The railroad and the city: a technological and urbanistic history of Cincinnati (The Ohio State University Press, 1977) online. Eckermann, Erik. World history of the automobile (SAE International, 2001). Gkoumas, Konstantinos, and Anastasios ...
The Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in history, comparable only to humanity's adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement. [11] The Industrial Revolution influenced in some way almost every aspect of daily life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth.
The Industrial Revolution saw major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, and transport impacted Britain and subsequently spread to the United States and Western Europe. Technological advancements, most notably the utilization of the steam engine, were major catalysts in the industrialisation process.
In the Industrial Revolution, the first steamboats and later diesel-powered ships were developed. Eventually submarines were developed mainly for military purposes for people's general benefit. Meanwhile, specialized craft were developed for river and canal transport. Canals were developed in Mesopotamia c. 4000 BC.
The first goods transport was on human backs and heads, but the use of pack animals, including donkeys and horses, developed during the Neolithic Age. The first vehicle is believed to have been the travois , a frame used to drag loads, which probably developed in Eurasia after the first use of bullocks ( castrated cattle ) for pulling plows .
The Industrial Revolution spread southwards and eastwards from its origins in Northwest Europe. After the Convention of Kanagawa issued by Commodore Matthew C. Perry forced Japan to open the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade, the Japanese government realised that drastic reforms were necessary to stave off Western influence.
A social and economic history of medieval Europe (Routledge, 2013) Pirenne, Henri. Economic and social history of medieval Europe (1936) online; Postan, Michael. Mediaeval Trade and Finance (2002). Pounds, N.J.G. An economic history of medieval Europe (1974) online; Pounds, Norman John Greville. An historical geography of Europe: 450 B.C.–
The political geography of Europe divides the continent into over 50 sovereign states and territories. This fragmentation, along with increased movement of people since the Industrial Revolution, has led to a high level of cooperation between European countries in developing and maintaining transport networks.