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Naturally occurring vanadium is composed of one stable isotope, 51 V, and one radioactive isotope, 50 V. The latter has a half-life of 2.71×10 17 years and a natural abundance of 0.25%. 51 V has a nuclear spin of 7 ⁄ 2 , which is useful for NMR spectroscopy . [ 25 ]
The cross product with respect to a right-handed coordinate system. In mathematics, the cross product or vector product (occasionally directed area product, to emphasize its geometric significance) is a binary operation on two vectors in a three-dimensional oriented Euclidean vector space (named here ), and is denoted by the symbol .
Vanadium compounds are compounds formed by the element vanadium (V). The chemistry of vanadium is noteworthy for the accessibility of the four adjacent oxidation states 2–5, whereas the chemistry of the other group 5 elements , niobium and tantalum , are somewhat more limited to the +5 oxidation state. [ 1 ]
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The equations have two major variants: The microscopic equations have universal applicability but are unwieldy for common calculations. They relate the electric and magnetic fields to total charge and total current, including the complicated charges and currents in materials at the atomic scale.
Charge quantization is the principle that the charge of any object is an integer multiple of the elementary charge. Thus, an object's charge can be exactly 0 e, or exactly 1 e, −1 e, 2 e, etc., but not 1 / 2 e, or −3.8 e, etc. (There may be exceptions to this statement, depending on how "object" is defined; see below.)
The calculator uses its logic to attempt to isolate the value of the required variable, after prompting the user for the values of the other variables. Since this process takes time, and the equation may have more than one solution, it is guided by two "guesses" which it assumes to have been provided by the user, in the stack's X register, and ...
When charged particles move in electric and magnetic fields the following two laws apply: Lorentz force law: = (+),; Newton's second law of motion: = =; where F is the force applied to the ion, m is the mass of the particle, a is the acceleration, Q is the electric charge, E is the electric field, and v × B is the cross product of the ion's velocity and the magnetic flux density.