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Results from large randomized studies have recently prompted a large number of professional organizations and governmental agencies in the U.S. to now recommend lung cancer screening in select populations. The 3 main types of lung cancer screening are low-dose, computerized tomographic (LDCT) screening, chest x-rays, and sputum cytology tests. [4]
The National Lung Screening Trial was a United States-based clinical trial which recruited research participants between 2002 and 2004. [1] It was sponsored by the National Cancer Institute and conducted by the American College of Radiology Imaging Network and the Lung Screening Study Group. [1]
Lung Cancer is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Elsevier originally published on behalf of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (until 2006). As of 2015, it is published on behalf of the International Lung Cancer Consortium , the European Thoracic Oncology Platform , and the British Thoracic Oncology Group . [ 1 ]
Lung cancer most commonly metastasizes to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands. [14] Lung cancer can often appear as a solitary pulmonary nodule on a chest radiograph or CT scan. In lung cancer screening studies as many as 30% of those screened have a lung nodule, the majority of which turn out to be benign. [15]
The consequences of overdiagnosis and overtreatment resulting from cancer screening can lead to a decline in quality of life, due to the adverse effects of unnecessary medication and hospitalization. [10] [12] [13] The accuracy of a cancer screening test relies on its sensitivity, and low sensitivity screening tests can overlook cancers. [10]
Cervical cancer is usually screened through in vitro examination of the cells of the cervix (e.g. Pap smear), colposcopy, or direct inspection of the cervix (after application of dilute acetic acid), or testing for HPV, the oncogenic virus that is the necessary cause of cervical cancer. [39] Screening is recommended for women over 21 years ...
In the fifty years leading up to the Wynder and Graham study, lung cancer was observed to have risen dramatically and disproportionately in comparison to other cancers. From the 1920s to 1950, the year of the study's publication, deaths from lung cancer had quadrupled so now it was the leading cancer found in men. [8]
In the example of breast cancer screening, women overdiagnosed with breast cancer might receive radiotherapy, which increases mortality due to lung cancer and heart disease. [36] The problem is those deaths are often classified as other causes and might even be larger than the number of breast cancer deaths avoided by screening.
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